VPNs 101: What is a VPN and What Does it Do?

Last Updated on March 8, 2025 by Editorial

In today’s digital world, where privacy and security are paramount, virtual private networks have become essential tools for internet users. Whether browsing the web, accessing sensitive information, or simply wanting to protect your online privacy, understanding VPNs and their functionality is crucial. Today we seek to answer an important question: what is a VPN?

This comprehensive guide will delve into the world of VPNs, exploring what they are, how they work, their benefits, limitations, and much more.

How VPNs Work

At its core, a VPN is a technology that enables secure and private communication over the internet by creating a virtual tunnel between your device and a VPN server. This tunnel encrypts your data, making it unreadable to anyone who might intercept it. Let’s take a closer look at the fundamental workings of VPNs.

Encryption and Tunneling Protocols

To ensure the security of your data, VPNs use various encryption and tunneling protocols. These protocols establish a secure connection between your device and the VPN server, protecting your information from unauthorized access. Here are some commonly used protocols:

• SSL/TLS: Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) are widely employed for creating a secure connection between your device and the VPN server. They use asymmetric encryption to establish a secure session and symmetric encryption to encrypt the data transmitted through the tunnel.

• IPSec: Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) is a protocol suite that provides a framework for securing IP communications. It offers strong encryption and authentication methods, making it suitable for secure site-to-site and remote access VPNs.

• PPTP: Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is one of the earliest VPN protocols. While it offers relatively fast speeds, it has some security limitations and is not recommended for sensitive data transmission.

• L2TP: Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) combines the best features of PPTP and IPSec. It provides a secure tunnel for data transmission and offers strong encryption. L2TP is commonly used in combination with IPSec.

• OpenVPN: OpenVPN is an open-source VPN protocol known for its robust security and versatility. It can utilize SSL/TLS and IPSec protocols and is compatible with various operating systems.

Establishing a VPN Connection

When you initiate a VPN connection, several steps are involved in the process:

• User Authentication: Before accessing the VPN server, you must authenticate yourself through credentials such as a username and password. This step ensures that only authorized users can establish a connection.

• Data Encryption and Encapsulation: Once authenticated, your device and the VPN server establish an encrypted connection. Your data is encapsulated within the VPN tunnel, protecting it from eavesdropping and tampering.

• Routing through VPN Server: With the VPN tunnel in place, all your internet traffic is routed through the VPN server. This process masks your IP address and replaces it with the server’s IP address, adding an extra layer of anonymity.

Key VPN Features

The following are general features and functionalities that are common across many VPNs.

1. Kill Switch

A kill switch is a crucial feature in a VPN that helps protect your online privacy and security. When enabled, the kill switch monitors your internet connection and ensures all internet traffic is routed through the VPN tunnel. 

If the VPN connection drops or becomes unstable, the kill switch immediately blocks your device’s internet access, preventing any data from being transmitted outside the secure VPN tunnel. This feature prevents sensitive information from exposure to your ISP or other potential eavesdroppers during VPN connection interruptions.

2. Split Tunneling

Split tunneling is a feature that allows you to select which traffic goes through the VPN and which traffic bypasses it. With split tunneling, you can choose specific applications or websites you want to route through the VPN while allowing other applications or websites to access the internet directly. 

This feature provides flexibility and can be helpful if you want to access local network devices or services incompatible with VPN connections while still encrypting and protecting your sensitive data on selected applications or websites.

3. Obfuscation

Obfuscation is a technique used by VPNs to disguise VPN traffic as regular internet traffic. This feature is handy in countries or networks that employ deep packet inspection (DPI) to identify and block VPN traffic. 

Obfuscating the VPN traffic makes it difficult for ISPs, governments, or network administrators to detect and block the VPN connection. Obfuscation helps to bypass censorship and access restricted content in regions where VPN usage is heavily regulated.

4. Double VPN

Double VPN, also known as multi-hop VPN or cascading VPN, is a feature that provides an extra layer of encryption and privacy by routing your internet traffic through two or more VPN servers. 

When you connect to a double VPN server, your traffic is first encrypted and routed through one VPN server before being forwarded to another, which is decrypted and sent to the final destination. This process adds a layer of anonymity and makes it even more challenging for anyone monitoring your internet activity to trace it back to your original IP address.

5. Public WiFi Protection

Public internet, such as those found in cafes, airports, or hotels, are often insecure and can expose your sensitive information to potential attackers. Public WiFi protection is a feature offered by VPNs that encrypts your internet traffic when connected to public WiFi networks. 

By establishing a secure VPN connection, the VPN encrypts your data, ensuring that even if someone intercepts your network traffic on public WiFi, they won’t be able to decipher it. This feature helps safeguard your personal information, such as login credentials, financial details, and browsing activities, from prying eyes.

6. Dedicated IP

A dedicated IP is an exclusive IP address assigned to you by the VPN provider. Unlike shared IP addresses used by multiple users, a dedicated IP is unique to your VPN account. 

This feature can be helpful if you require a specific IP address for certain activities, such as accessing region-restricted content, remote access to a work network, or maintaining consistent online services. Dedicated IPs are typically offered as an additional feature by VPN providers and may come at an extra cost.

7. SmartDNS

SmartDNS is a feature that allows you to bypass geographical restrictions for streaming content without encrypting your entire internet connection. Unlike a VPN, which routes all your internet traffic through a remote server, SmartDNS only reroutes the DNS (Domain Name System) requests related to specific streaming services. 

By doing so, SmartDNS can help you access geo-blocked content without the loss in speed typically associated with encrypting your entire connection. However, it’s important to note that SmartDNS does not provide the same privacy and security as a VPN.

8. No-Logs Policy

A no-logs policy is a commitment by VPN providers not to collect or store any logs of their user’s online activities. The VPN provider does not track or record your internet traffic, connection timestamps, IP addresses, or other identifiable information. 

A strict no-logs policy is essential for ensuring your privacy, as it prevents the VPN provider from having any data that could potentially be compromised or requested by third parties. It gives you greater confidence that your online activities remain private and anonymous.

9. IP Masking

IP masking is a feature provided by VPNs that hides your IP address and replaces it with the IP address of the VPN server you are connected to. When you connect to a VPN server, your internet traffic appears to originate from the server’s location, masking your true identity and location. 

IP masking helps protect your privacy by preventing websites, online services, or other internet users from identifying your IP address, making it more challenging to track your online activities back to you.

These features are standard in VPN services and enhance online privacy, security, and access to restricted content. It’s important to note that while these features can significantly improve your online experience, the specific functionalities and availability may vary depending on the VPN provider you choose.

Types of VPNs

VPNs come in various types, each catering to different use cases and scenarios. Let’s explore the most common types of VPNs:

1. Remote Access VPNs

Remote Access VPNs allow users to connect securely to a private network over the internet from a remote location. Employees widely use this VPN to access company resources while working remotely. Remote Access VPNs provide a secure and encrypted connection, ensuring the confidentiality of sensitive information.

Advantages

• Enables secure remote access to company resources.

• Protects data transmission from unauthorized access.

• Preserves the privacy of users’ online activities.

Disadvantages

• Requires a reliable internet connection for seamless access.

• It may introduce latency due to data encryption and tunneling.

2. Site-to-Site VPNs

Site-to-Site VPNs, also known as Router-to-Router VPNs, connect multiple networks in different physical locations. This VPN allows organizations with multiple offices or branches to establish secure and private communication between their networks. Site-to-Site VPNs create a virtual network that seamlessly connects different sites.

Advantages

• Enables secure communication between geographically dispersed networks.

• Allows for efficient sharing of resources and collaboration.

• Simplifies network management by treating multiple sites as a single network.

Disadvantages

• Requires dedicated VPN hardware or advanced router configurations.

• Bandwidth limitations may arise when transmitting large amounts of data between sites.

3. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) VPNs

Peer-to-Peer VPNs, also known as Overlay VPNs, rely on a decentralized network of interconnected devices. Unlike traditional VPNs that route traffic through a central server, P2P VPNs distribute the traffic among participating nodes, creating a mesh-like network. This type of VPN is often used to bypass internet censorship and establish secure connections in resource-constrained environments.

Advantages

• Offers enhanced privacy and security through decentralized architecture.

• Resistant to single points of failure, as there is no central server.

• Enables circumvention of internet censorship and access to restricted content.

Disadvantages

• Network reliability depends on the availability of participating nodes.

• Speed and performance may vary depending on the number of nodes and their locations.

4. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) VPNs

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) VPNs combine the features of PPTP and IPSec to provide a secure and reliable connection. L2TP creates a tunnel for data transmission, while IPSec handles the encryption and authentication. L2TP VPNs are widely supported across multiple operating systems and devices.

Advantages

• Offers robust security through the use of IPSec encryption.

• Compatible with a wide range of devices and operating systems.

• Suitable for establishing site-to-site and remote access VPNs.

Disadvantages

• It may be slower compared to other VPN protocols due to the double encapsulation process.

• Limited configurability compared to more advanced protocols like OpenVPN.

5. SSL VPNs

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) VPNs, also known as Web VPNs, enable users to access a private network securely through a web browser. SSL VPNs utilize SSL/TLS protocols to establish a secure connection between the user’s device and the VPN gateway. This type of VPN is commonly used for remote access to web-based applications and services.

Advantages

• No additional software installation is required, as SSL VPNs work directly through a web browser.

• Provides secure access to web-based applications and services.

• Works well in scenarios where other VPN protocols are blocked or restricted.

Disadvantages

• Performance may be affected by the encryption overhead.

• Limited to web-based applications and services.

Benefits of Using VPNs

VPNs offer a range of benefits that make them invaluable tools for individuals and organizations alike. Let’s explore the key advantages of using VPNs:

1. Enhanced Security and Privacy

One of the primary reasons people use VPNs is to enhance their security and privacy while browsing the internet. Here’s how VPNs achieve this:

• Data Encryption and Confidentiality: VPNs encrypt your internet traffic, making it unreadable to unauthorized parties. This encryption ensures that even if someone intercepts your data, they won’t be able to decipher it.

• Protection Against Cyber Threats: VPNs add an extra layer of protection against cyber threats such as hacking, identity theft, and data breaches. By encrypting your data and masking your IP address, VPNs make it harder for malicious actors to target you.

• Anonymous Browsing: When you connect to a VPN server, your IP address is replaced with the server’s IP address. This process masks your true identity, making it difficult for websites and online services to track your online activities.

2. Bypassing Geo-restrictions and Censorship

VPNs enable users to bypass geo-restrictions and censorship imposed by governments, internet service providers (ISPs), and online streaming platforms. Here’s how VPNs help in this regard:

• Access to Region-Restricted Content: Many streaming services and websites restrict access to specific regions or countries. Connecting to a VPN server in a desired region can trick these services into thinking you are accessing from that region, thus unlocking the restricted content.

• Circumvention of Internet Censorship: In countries where internet censorship is prevalent, VPNs provide a means to bypass these restrictions. You can access the internet with greater freedom and privacy by routing your traffic through a VPN server in a different country.

3. Public Wi-Fi Security

Using public Wi-Fi networks, such as those found in cafes, airports, or hotels, poses significant security risks. VPNs mitigate these risks in the following ways:

• Mitigating Risks on Public Networks: Public Wi-Fi networks are notorious for lacking security, making them prime targets for hackers. When you connect to a public Wi-Fi network through a VPN, all your data is encrypted, preventing potential attackers from intercepting your sensitive information.

• Securing Sensitive Data Transmission: Whether checking your emails, making online transactions, or accessing confidential work documents, using a VPN on public Wi-Fi ensures that your data is transmitted securely, protecting it from prying eyes.

Potential Drawbacks and Limitations of VPNs

While VPNs offer numerous benefits, it’s essential to be aware of their limitations and potential drawbacks:

1. Reduced Internet Speed

Due to the encryption and tunneling processes involved, using a VPN can reduce internet speed. The extent of speed reduction depends on factors such as the distance between your device and the VPN server, the quality of the VPN server, and the encryption protocols used. However, with reputable VPN providers and fast server connections, the impact on speed can be minimal.

2. VPN Server Reliability and Performance

The reliability and performance of VPN servers can vary depending on the VPN provider. Some providers may experience server congestion, resulting in slower connection speeds or intermittent service. Choosing a VPN provider with a robust server infrastructure and a wide range of server locations can help mitigate these issues.

3. Legal and Ethical Concerns

The legality of VPN usage varies across countries. While VPNs are legal in most jurisdictions, some countries heavily regulate or even ban VPNs altogether. Understanding and complying with the laws and regulations governing VPN usage in your region is crucial. 

Additionally, some individuals may misuse VPNs for illegal activities like hacking or file sharing. Responsible VPN usage is essential to maintain the integrity and reputation of VPN services.

4. VPN Services’ Trustworthiness and Logging Policies

Not all VPN providers operate with the same level of trustworthiness and commitment to user privacy. Some VPN services may log user data, including browsing history, IP addresses, and timestamps, potentially compromising the privacy they claim to protect. 

It’s essential to thoroughly research and choose a VPN provider with a strict no-logging policy and a transparent approach to user privacy.

VPN Compatibility and Device Support

VPNs are compatible with a wide range of operating systems and devices. Let’s explore the compatibility of VPNs with different platforms:

Operating System Support

• Windows: VPN software is readily available for Windows users, with most providers offering dedicated apps for easy installation and configuration.

• macOS: VPN support on macOS is extensive, with many providers offering native apps that integrate seamlessly with the operating system.

• Linux: Linux users can choose from several VPN options, including open-source VPN clients and manual configurations using VPN protocols.

• iOS: VPN apps are available in the App Store, making it easy for iPhone and iPad users to set up and use VPNs on their devices.

• Android: Android users can access a wide range of VPN apps from the Google Play Store, offering easy installation and configuration.

Router and Smart TV Support

In addition to individual devices, VPNs can also be set up on routers and smart TVs. By configuring the VPN connection at the router level, all devices connected can benefit from the VPN’s protection. Some smart TVs also support VPN apps, allowing you to enjoy secure streaming and access geo-restricted content directly on your television.

Selecting the Right VPN Service

Choosing the right VPN service can significantly impact your VPN experience. Here are essential factors to consider when selecting a VPN provider:

• Security Features and Encryption Protocols: Look for providers that offer robust encryption algorithms and protocols, such as AES-256 and OpenVPN.

• Server Locations and Availability: Ensure that the VPN provider has servers in locations relevant to your needs. More server locations provide greater flexibility and better connection speeds.

• Logging Policies and Privacy Stance: Opt for VPN services with a strict no-logging policy and a transparent approach to user privacy.

• Speed and Performance: Consider VPN providers that offer fast and reliable server connections, minimizing the impact on your internet speed.

• Customer Support: Look for providers that offer responsive customer support, whether through live chat, email, or support tickets.

Popular VPN Providers Comparison

There are numerous VPN providers in the market, each offering different features and pricing models. Here’s a brief comparison of some popular VPN providers:

1. ExpressVPN

This is a highly regarded VPN service known for its fast and reliable connections. It operates multiple servers in 105 countries and supports various protocols, including OpenVPN, IKEv2, and Lightway. ExpressVPN employs AES-256 encryption, which is considered highly secure.

ExpressVPN takes privacy seriously and maintains a strict no-logs policy, meaning it does not collect or store user activity logs. They are based in the British Virgin Islands, which has favorable privacy laws. ExpressVPN offers a kill switch, split tunneling, and DNS leak protection to ensure maximum security and privacy.

2. NordVPN

NordVPN is a popular VPN provider with a vast network of over 6,000 servers in 111 countries. It supports protocols such as OpenVPN, IKEv2/IPSec, and NordLynx (based on WireGuard). Like most reliable premium VPNs, NordVPN utilizes AES-256 encryption to secure data transmission.

NordVPN strongly emphasizes privacy, adhering to a strict no-logs policy. They are headquartered in Panama, which has no mandatory data retention laws. Additional security features NordVPN offers include a kill switch, DNS leak protection, and Threat Protection which blocks malicious websites and ads.

3. CyberGhost

CyberGhost is a user-friendly VPN service with a server network spanning 100+ countries. It supports various protocols, including OpenVPN, WireGuard, and IKEv2. CyberGhost employs AES-256 encryption which masks your traffic, stopping external parties from snooping in on you.

Privacy is a priority for CyberGhost, and they have a strict no-logs policy. They are based in Romania, which has no mandatory data retention laws. CyberGhost also offers additional security features such as a kill switch, DNS and IP leak protection, and an ad and malware blocker.

4. Surfshark

Surfshark is a relatively new VPN provider that has gained popularity for its affordable pricing and robust security features. It operates a network of over 3,200 servers in 100 countries. Surfshark supports OpenVPN, IKEv2, and WireGuard protocols.

You also get the standard AES-256-GCM encryption for optimal security on top of a strict no-logs policy. Surfshark offers additional security features like a kill switch, split tunneling (called Bypasser), MultiHop, and Camouflage Mode for obfuscation.

5. PureVPN

PureVPN is a feature-rich VPN service with a network of 6,000+ servers spread across 65 countries. It supports various protocols, including OpenVPN, IKEv2 and WireGuard. The security is reliable enough to keep you secure even when you use public WiFi.

PureVPN maintains a no-logs policy and is headquartered in the British Virgin Islands, which has more favorable privacy laws than other jurisdictions. Additional security features PureVPN offers include a kill switch, split tunneling, DNS leak protection, and dedicated IP addresses.

Setting Up and Using a VPN

Setting up and using a VPN is generally straightforward. Here’s a general overview of the process:

Installation and Configuration Process:

• Choose a VPN provider and sign up for an account.

• Download the VPN app or configure the VPN settings manually.

• Install the VPN app or configure the VPN connection using the provided settings.

Connecting to a VPN Server

• Launch the VPN app or go to the device’s VPN settings.

• Enter your VPN credentials (username and password) if prompted.

• Select a server location from the available options.

• Click the “Connect” button to establish the VPN connection.

Troubleshooting Common VPN Issues

• If you experience connection issues, try connecting to a different VPN server or switch to a different VPN protocol.

• Ensure your device’s firewall or antivirus software is not blocking the VPN connection.

• Clear your device’s DNS cache if you encounter DNS-related issues.

• Update your VPN client to the latest version to benefit from bug fixes and security enhancements.

Best Practices for Using VPN

VPN and Online Activities

VPNs are utilized in various online activities to enhance security, privacy, and accessibility. Here are some common scenarios where VPNs are beneficial:

• Secure Browsing and Online Banking: Protect your personal and financial information while conducting online transactions or accessing sensitive accounts.

• Torrenting and P2P File Sharing: VPNs allow users to engage in torrenting and file-sharing activities anonymously and securely.

• Streaming and Geo-restricted Content: Access region-restricted streaming services and enjoy your favorite content anywhere.

• Remote Work and Business Connections: Ensure secure access to company resources, even when working remotely or connecting to business networks outside the office.

• Public Wi-Fi Networks: Safely use public Wi-Fi networks in cafes, airports, or hotels without worrying about potential security risks.

Conclusion

VPNs have become indispensable tools for safeguarding our privacy, enhancing security, and bypassing online restrictions. By encrypting our data, masking our IP addresses, and providing secure connections, VPNs enable us to navigate the internet with confidence.

As you explore the world of VPNs, it’s important to choose a reputable provider, understand their policies, and use VPNs responsibly. Embrace the power of VPNs and take control of your online privacy and security in today’s digital landscape.